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| REVIEW ARTICLES |
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| Year : 2019 | Volume
: 7
| Issue : 4 | Page : 200-204 |
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A review article on Manibandha Marma with reference to basic anatomy and biomechanics of the wrist
Deepali M Giri, Mitali R Dabhade
Datta Meghe Ayurvedic Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| Date of Submission | 29-Dec-2019 |
| Date of Decision | 25-Jan-2020 |
| Date of Acceptance | 07-Mar-2020 |
| Date of Web Publication | 14-Apr-2020 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Deepali M Giri
Department of Rachana Sharir, Datta Meghe Ayurvedic Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Wanadongri, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440037.
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None
DOI: 10.4103/JISM.JISM_65_19
Marma Sharira is the distinctive concept of Ayurveda. References of Marma (vital points in body) are found in Veda also. Marma are not merely anatomical landmarks but they are also the locations where Tridosha (basic elements of body) along with their subtle forms Prana, Ojasa or Soma, and Tejasa or Agni (vital elements of the body) are present. An injury to these Marma results in various conditions. The subsequent signs and symptoms of these conditions are well-defined in Samhitas. Yet a detailed study is required to establish the facts in context of contemporary science. This literary study was initiated to fulfill the gap. The Samhitas were studied for the Marma-related content. The secondary data are collected from the Samhitas as well as from online research database. Books and online research database have been used to study the modern aspect of the wrist joint. Manibandha Marma (a Marma that is located in the wrist) was selected for the study. Painful wrist is a challenge for health-care providers. Manibandha Marma is a Rujakar Marma and a Sandhi Marma. This study can help the Ayurvediya health professionals to understand the painful wrist with reference to Marma Sharira. Keywords: Basic anatomy of wrist, biomechanics of the wrist, Manibandha Marma, Manibandha Sandhi, Marma, painful wrist
How to cite this article:
Giri DM, Dabhade MR. A review article on Manibandha Marma with reference to basic anatomy and biomechanics of the wrist. J Indian Sys Medicine 2019;7:200-4 |
How to cite this URL:
Giri DM, Dabhade MR. A review article on Manibandha Marma with reference to basic anatomy and biomechanics of the wrist. J Indian Sys Medicine [serial online] 2019 [cited 2023 Mar 21];7:200-4. Available from: https://www.joinsysmed.com/text.asp?2019/7/4/200/282383 |
| Key message: | |  |
Manibandha Marma is a Rujakar Marma and a Sandhi Marma. It comprises various components. Carpal bones, distal ends of radius and ulna, various ligaments, tendons, and nerves are situated in the area of wrist joint. An injury to these components results in painful conditions of wrists. These conditions are mostly irreversible and that is the reason why Acharya Sushruta has labeled it as Rujakar Marma.
| Introduction | | |
Marma Sharira is one of the prominent subjects in Ayurveda. References of Marma are found in Rigveda.[1] There are 107 Marma located at different places all over the body. Of which, 11 Marma are present in the extremities, 26 Marma are present in the trunk, 3 in the abdomen, 9 in the thorax, 14 Marma are located in the back, and 37 in the head–neck region.[2],[3],[4]According to Acharya Sushruta, Marma are constituted by the combination of five elements. The five elements are Mamsa (muscle), Sira (blood vessels), Snayu (ligaments), Asthi (bones), and Sandhi (joints).[5]
For the purpose of description, the Marma are considered under various heads. The Marma are categorized according to their locations in body. They are Shakhagata Marma (Marma located in extremities), Urahgata Marma (Marma located in thorax), Udaragata Marma (Marma located in abdomen), and Urdhvajatrugata Marma (Marma located in head and neck region). Acharya Sushruta has described symptoms of injury to the Marma of lower limb, and he has instructed further to consider symptoms of injury to the upper limb Marma same as that of the lower limb Marma.[6]
Another type of categorization is according to the structures involved in the formation of the Marma (dominance of structure present at the site of Marma). They are categorized as Sira Marma, Snayu Marma, Sandhi Marma, Asthi Marma, and Mamsa Marma. According to Acharya Sushruta, Marma are the locations that have confluence of Mamsa, Sira, Snayu, Asthi, and Sandhi.
Marma are further divided into five types according to the manifestations of symptoms that occur when the Marma are injured. The possible fate of any wound ranges from pain to fatal end. Acharya Sushruta has classified this range into several heads according to post-traumatic results.[7]
An injury to the Sadya Pranahara Marma causes death within 7 days. An injury to the Kalantara Pranahara Marma causes death within 2 weeks to 1 month.[8]Vishalyaghna Marma does not cause death until the weapon is inside the Marma location. If the weapon or the foreign body is removed forcibly, then the removal causes death of the patient. If the weapon remains in the Marma location till it falls at its own Paka (putrefaction) of the wound, then the patient survives. Vaikalyakar Marma are those locations that cause deformity when injured. An injury to the Rujakar Marma causes pain.[9]
Mechanics is the study of force and their effect, and so is the biomechanics, a study of mechanical law on human body, and is chiefly concerned with interrelation of skeleton, muscles, and joints. The wrist consists of two joints, the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints, referred collectively as the wrist complex. Hence, a study of both the joints has to be done.[10]
Radiocarpal is a synovial joint of ellipsoid variety between lower end of radius and articular disc of inferior radioulnar joint proximally and three lateral bones of proximal row of carpus, that is, scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral distally.[11] Midcarpal joint is the articulation between scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum proximally, and distal row of carpus. It has a fibrous capsule and synovial lining that is continuous with each intercarpal articulation and maybe continuous with some of carpometacarpal (CMC) joints.[12]
Although many researchers have studied the wrist complex using biomechanics but due to its complex nature, there are still many unknown facts or unrevealed truths about the joints.[13] The study for this article is about Manibandha Marma. It comes under Shakhaghata Marma (located in extremity), Sandhi Marma (dominancy of joints is observed), and Rujakar Marma (based on the effect of pain). It is a Rujakar Marma. Rujakar Marma is the category that is based on the effect of injury. Eight Rujakar Marma are mentioned, of which four are situated in upper extremity, namely Manibandha and Kurchashira (a Marma located near wrist joint), and four in lower extremity, namely Gulpha (a Marma located in ankle joint) and Kurchashira (a Marma located near ankle joint).[14]
An injury to Manibandha Marma causes Ruja (pain) and Kunthata, which means loss of function.
| Determination of Location ofManibandha Marma | | |
Acharya Sushruta has defined the types of Sandhi (joints), and Manibandha is a Kora Sandhi (hinge joint) according to his classification of joints.[15]
Manibandha Marma is located in the Manibandha Sandhi, that is, wrist joint. According to Ghanekar Tika (a commentary on Sushrut Samhita), Manibandha Marma is located in wrist joint, which includes both radioulnar and radiocarpal joints. Rasayog Sagar interprets Manibandha Marma as intercarpal ligaments. As Manibandha Marma is a Sandhi Marma, overall joints should be considered in case of Manibandha Marma and not just the ligaments.[6]
Anatomical and functional complexities of the wrist are getting more attention in past few years. To apprehend the mechanism of any joint, a systematic understanding of its anatomy is required, various imaging techniques have been used to make clear the three-dimensional associations among the different soft tissue structures of the wrist along with the accompanying joints. The wrist is conventionally defined as a solitary joint, but it is a complex joint. Movements of the joint are the result of the addition of interactions of the every carpal bone among themselves at the same time. The movements take place with the distal articulating surface of the radius as well as the triangular fibrocartilage complex of ulna proximally and distally with bases of the metacarpals. The eight carpal bones are arranged in two rows, that is, a proximal row and distal row. Starting from radius, the proximal row is arranged in a sequence. The sequence is the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform, whereas the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate are in the distal row.[16]
The radius carries 80% of the axial weight of the forearm approximately, by means of its articulation with the carpus laterally, and remaining axial load of the forearm is carried by the ulna through its joints with the medial carpus (via the triangular fibrocartilage complex).[17]
The major contribution of wrist complex is to control length–tension relationship in multiarticular hand muscles and to allow fine adjustment of grip. The wrist muscles appear to be designed for balance and control rather than torque maximizing production. The length–tension relationship occurring at wrist cannot be replaced by any other joint. The range of motion (ROM) of entire complex is variable and reflects the difference in carpal kinematics that arise from such factors as ligamentous laxity, shape of articular surface, and constraining effects of muscles. The two joint system rather than single joint system of that complex:
- Permitted large ROM with less exposed articular surfaces and tighter joint capsule.
- Less tendency for structural pinch at extreme of ranges.
- Allowed for flatter multi-joint surface those are more capable of withstanding imposed pressure.[10]
Going back to basic anatomy, the styloid process of radius is longer than that of ulna, resulting in less extensive abduction than adduction, in flexion and extension movements; flexion can be up to 80° but extension up to only 45°.[18]
| Most Common Wrist Injuries | | |
Injuries are categorized into acute injuries and chronic injuries. Acute injuries are traumatic, and chronic injuries are due to overuse of the hand and wrist.
Traumatic injuries mostly occur in athletes. Particularly those who involve in sports that have need of greater levels of maneuver (for example, golf, tennis, and baseball). Broken bones, joint dislocations, muscle strains, sprains, ligament tears, and tendon inflammation are some common traumatic injuries.
The wrist joint is essentially a synovial joint between the distal end of radius and proximal row of carpal bones by strong triangular ligament. A fall on outstretched hand can strain the anterior ligament of wrist joint, synovial effusion, joint pain, and limitation of movement.[18]
Dislocation of Lunate
Lunate is dislocated when a person falls on the hand with acute dorsiflexion and a flexed forearm. The force displaces the lunate anteriorly, causing carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). It is so common that carpal dislocations often remain unrecognized or mismanaged. There is a difference of opinion about the management of these injuries and about the expected results from management even today.[19]
Kienbock’s Disease
Kienbock’s disease in which, necrosis of the lunate occurs, is a progressive disease process. The disease leads to dysfunction of the wrist along with pain. Traumatic, anatomic, vascular, and mechanical factors have been supposed to be responsible for the disease. This necrotic disease of lunate remains a challenging problem for surgeons.[20] This disease is also considered as osteochondritis of lunate. Pain in the wrist is aggravated by active use of wrist.[21] Kienbock’s disease has been associated with ulnar negative variance that is the short ulna in comparison with radius at distal end, which also affects the functioning of radiocarpal joint.[22]
Fracture of the Scaphoid
Scaphoid is the most commonly fractured carpal bone. Clinical presentation is swelling and tenderness in the anatomical snuff box. Delayed union or nonunion are common complications. Avascular necrosis of the proximal fragment is the result of these complications.[23]
Metacarpal Fractures
Wrist joint is the bridge between hand and forearm. It shows movements along six axes. Injury to the structures present distally to it would affect its movement causing pain. There is a variety of fractures that occur at the base of the first metacarpal bone. Bennett’s fracture is the best known fracture. Rolando described a group of more comminuted fractures involving the CMC joint in 1910. Roberts mentioned transverse fractures at the lower end of the metacarpal bone in 1938 reviewing all the fractures that occur in the hand.[24] Boxer’s fracture is the fracture of the neck of a metacarpal, most commonly through neck of the fifth metacarpal. A spiral displaced fracture of base of fifth metacarpal bone may cause damage to deep branch of ulnar nerve.[23]
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
CTS is an entrapment syndrome. It is triggered when median nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel. This compression in the carpal tunnel is believed to cause venous congestion, which results in nerve edema and anoxic damage to the capillary endothelium of the median nerve itself. CTS is most commonly occurring syndrome in the nerve compression syndromes. Pain, which is the common symptom in CTS, can affect patients' quality of life.[25]
Injuries to the wrist in athletes are very usual in competitions of all levels. One-fourth of all injuries in sports are found in the wrist joint. Wrist injuries are common in sportspersons as hand is in front of the athlete and absorbs shock in most of the sports. A sportsperson uses his hand to deflect and absorb the power of the rivals, the ground, and balls of various shapes and sizes.
Wrist injuries are most common in teenage and adolescent athletes in comparison with the adult athletes. Although in athletics, there is a new level of refinement in the diagnosis and treatment of injuries of soft tissue in wrist, the complexity of the joint, and these injuries remain difficult for diagnosis and treatment.
The complex anatomy, interrelated and closely situated structures, and highly forceful movements of this joint also make it difficult to study from a biomechanical viewpoint. Thus, the availability of scientific data on the subject of the wrist in sports to assist the clinician is very less.
A failure in analysis, management, and rehabilitation of an athlete’s wrist may result in unnecessary delays in his return in the game or can result in permanent decline in his performance. In addition, wrong diagnosis or incorrect treatment may result in irreversible damage, thus limiting even daily activities.[26]
Chronic injuries: These are overuse injuries and are stress induced. The injuries include nerve injury, dislocation, tendon inflammation, and overuse stress fractures. Wrist joint becomes painful due to tendinitis, CTS, fractures of carpals, and phalanges. These injuries are observed in musicians, computer operators, knitters, and so on. According to Acharya Sushruta, if any injury in nearby area causes the same symptom to that of particular Marma, then the injury should be considered as an injury to the Marma. Hence, injury to structures present proximally of the wrist joint such as the phalanges on injury show symptoms such as pain, stiffness, and loss of function, which are found when the Manibandha Marma is affected.[27] Repetitive strain injuries (RSIs) are termed as cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) consequential from continued forceful, repetitive, or awkward movements. The movements cause damage to the muscles, nerves, and tendons. These injuries are also termed as repetitive stress injuries, occupational overuse injuries, repetitive motion disorders, CTDs, and occupational musculoskeletal disorders. RSIs are known as CTS and tendinitis also, which are well-defined disorders, or lesser known conditions such as tension neck syndrome.
It is constantly evident from many studies that there is a relation between forceful manual exertions, repeated hand motions, and hand and arm vibration with CTS and tendinitis of hand and wrist.[28]
Manibandha Marma falls under the category of Rujakar Marma on the basis of effect-wise classification. Ruja the word stands for pain. Rujakar Marma shows the dominance of Agni and Vayu element in its Panchbhautik composition. Rujakar Marma if injured causes tremendous pain and if not treated properly can lead ultimately to deformity. Hence, any injury at the site of Manibandha Marma causes tremendous pain and stiffness of hand.
| Discussion | | |
Manibandha Marma comprises various components. Carpal bones, distal ends of radius and ulna, various ligaments, tendons, and nerves are situated in the area of wrist joint. According to Acharya Sushruta, it is a Sandhi Marma and a Rujakar Marma. Any injury to the wrist joint can make the joint painful. The injury can result in the loss of function of the joint. Though Manibandha Marma is a Sandhi Marma, various ligaments and cartilages are also involved in the joint. These components are equally responsible for painful conditions of the wrist. Hence, all the components of the joint should be considered as a part of the Manibandha Marma. In addition to this, the structures present in its vicinity, which may or may not have direct relation with it should also be taken under consideration. The complexity of the joint anatomically and biomechanically makes it difficult to treat and cure. In any kind of injury, the structure affected shows its impact on the neighboring structure. This proves the coupling between structures, which directly results in the functioning of the complex that is hampering its biomechanics. The main focus of this complex is to provide equilibrium in grasping action of the hand.
To establish this equilibrium and counteract on the force exerted by the muscles on objects, four prime muscles of grasping have been designed. Hence, any kind of injury to the muscle or deformity to the neighboring structure would affect the grasping action. All the aforementioned reasons are responsible for loss of function, which is stated as Viddha Lakshan by Acharya Sushruta.
The injuries can be sudden or it can be seen in the form of prolonged and continuous usage of the joint. Sudden injuries and acute pain occur in sportspersons, whereas chronic pain is seen in prolonged and overuse of the wrist joint, for example, computer keyboard users, knitters, and writers.
Wrist joint is one of the most used joint of the human body. Forceful and repetitive stress injuries result in damage to the components of the wrist. Hence, the joint is more vulnerable to the injuries, and the wrist can become painful even with repeated low impact injuries.
In the era of all the modern techniques of diagnostics and much advanced treatments, the painful wrist is still proving a challenge to the clinicians and surgeons. All these conditions indicate that Acharya Sushruta has perfectly tagged the wrist as a Rujakar Marma.
| Conclusion | | |
Wrist joint is posing a major cause of concern in athletes as well as in repetitive users of the wrist in spite of having high-end medical diagnostics and treatments. A thorough review of basic anatomy and biomechanics of the wrist provides the evidences of instability of the joint and hence proves its Rujakaratva (tendency to remain painful). This literary research can provide the clinicians with the data, which suggests that they must train their athlete patients or the people who have to use their hand repeatedly, to be very cautious for their wrists, as it may take considerable time to recover from the inflammatory and painful conditions and delay their return to normal work.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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