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| EDITORIAL |
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| Year : 2023 | Volume
: 11
| Issue : 1 | Page : 1-7 |
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Dopamine and Vata Dosha
Srihari Sheshagiri
Department of PG Studies in Kaumarabhritya, JSS Ayurveda Medical College, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| Date of Submission | 24-Mar-2023 |
| Date of Decision | 25-Mar-2023 |
| Date of Acceptance | 26-Mar-2023 |
| Date of Web Publication | 15-Apr-2023 |
Correspondence Address:
Srihari Sheshagiri
Department of PG Studies in Kaumarabhritya, JSS Ayurveda Medical College, Mysore, Karnataka
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None
DOI: 10.4103/jism.jism_14_23
How to cite this article:
Sheshagiri S. Dopamine and Vata Dosha. J Indian Sys Medicine 2023;11:1-7 |
Dopamine is involved in many different processes, including memory, focus, learning, reward, and motivation. It is also associated with pleasure, which is why it is often referred to as “the pleasure hormone.”[1] Without dopamine, we would feel nothing but apathy and lethargy. Dopamine plays a crucial role in our lives, and its effects can be both beneficial and detrimental. It is important to understand how it works in order to maintain optimal mental and physical health. It is also important to remember that dopamine is just one of the many neurotransmitters involved in the functioning of the brain and that it is only part of the picture.
Vata, one of the three Doshas in the body, is considered very important due to its functions.[2] It is essentially the main component that controls both motor and sensory functions of the body, so maintaining a balanced level of Vata Dosha is essential for healthy living. Its characteristics, such as Daruna (bearing severe impact), Ashukari (quick)[3], and Anavasthita (constant movement),[4] resemble those of nerves and their affiliates, and similarly, Vishada (depression) and Anavasthita Chitha (unstable mind)[4] caused by its impaired status indicate its role in nervous system disorders.[5] Few studies have even compared the subtypes of Vata and their specific functions related to the nervous system, as well as its control centers.[6],[7] Furthermore, newer research has tried to correlate Vata Dosha with various clinical entities related to the nervous system.[8] This paper provides a brief overview to correlate Dopamine and Vata Dosha, its subtypes, and the similarities in normalcy, deficiency, and elevated levels.
| History of Dopamine Discovery | |  |
Dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain, has been the subject of much research and debate in the scientific and medical community since its discovery in 1958. Dopamine was initially identified in the 1950s as a neurotransmitter in the brain. It was first isolated from the brain of a rat in 1958 by Arvid Carlsson and Nils-Ake Hillarp, and subsequently identified in humans in 1959 by Julius Axelrod.[9] Carlsson and Hillarp were awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their discovery in 2000. The exact function of dopamine was not initially understood. Researchers initially believed that dopamine was involved in controlling movement, but it was soon discovered to be more than that. In the late 1960s, it was discovered that dopamine plays an important role in reward and pleasure. This discovery was made by James Olds and Peter Milner, who found that rats would self-stimulate certain brain regions if they received a reward in the form of food or water.[10] In the 1970s and 1980s, dopamine began to be studied in relation to neurological diseases and disorders. In the 1990s and 2000s, dopamine’s role in addiction and reward was further explored.[11] It was found that drugs of abuse, such as cocaine and heroin, increase dopamine levels in the brain, causing a feeling of pleasure and reward. This has led to the belief that dopamine plays an important role in addiction and that problems with dopamine levels can contribute to addiction. Throughout the decades, dopamine has been the subject of much debate and research. It has been linked to reward, pleasure, motivation, and memory, among other functions.[12] Thanks to the pioneering work of Arvid Carlsson and Nils-Ake Hillarp, we now have a better understanding of this important neurotransmitter.
| Structure and Physiology of Dopamine Production | | |
Dopamine (C8H11NO2) is a monoamine neurotransmitter, which means it is a chemical messenger that transmits signals between neurons in the brain. It contains an amine group (a nitrogen-containing compound), a phenol group (an aromatic alcohol), and a ketone group (a double-bonded oxygen atom connected to two carbon atoms). It is an organic compound composed of two benzene rings, an amine group, and a carboxyl group. The two benzene rings contain the six carbon atoms, the amine group contains the nitrogen and the hydrogen atom, and the carboxyl group contains the oxygen atom and the two carbon atoms. The arrangement of the atoms gives dopamine its unique properties, such as its ability to act as a neurotransmitter in the brain [Figure 1].[13]
Dopamine is produced by neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area of the brain. These neurons use tyrosine, an amino acid, to produce dopamine. Tyrosine is converted into L-DOPA, which is then converted into dopamine by the enzyme dopa decarboxylase. Once produced, dopamine is then stored in synaptic vesicles and released in response to certain stimuli. Dopamine can then act on post-synaptic dopamine receptors to cause a variety of physiological responses.[14]
Dopamine is produced in the brain by two main pathways, the mesolimbic pathway, and the nigrostriatal pathway. The mesolimbic pathway is responsible for the release of dopamine into the nucleus accumbent, which is a part of the brain associated with reward and pleasure. The nigrostriatal pathway is responsible for the release of dopamine into the striatum, which is associated with motor control.[15],[16]
| Can Dopamine be Correlated with Vata Dosha | | |
Dopamine can be compared to the Vata Dosha, as both are associated with creativity, flexibility, and energy. Vata is said to be the force that drives all bodily functions, as it is responsible for all movement, including digestion and elimination. It is also said to be the source of creativity, inspiration, and enthusiasm.[17] It is associated with the elements of air and ether. Vata is said to be the most powerful of the three Dosha and is the most difficult one to balance. While dopamine is responsible for communication between neurons in the brain.[18] Both are associated with flexibility and creativity, and both can be beneficial when in balance, but can cause imbalances when too high or too low.
In the present work, the similarities between Vata Dosha and Dopamine are done at two levels:
- a. Functional similarities between subtypes of Vata Dosha and Dopamine in its normal status
- b. Similarities between the impaired status of Vata Dosha and Dopamine
Functional Similarities between Sub Types of Vata Dosha and Dopamine in its Normal Status
Prana vata VS action of dopamine on nervous system
Prana Vata is believed to govern the body’s vital energy and the mind’s thought processes. It is believed to be responsible for maintaining the balance of the physical and mental faculties, and it is the life force that sustains the body’s health and well-being. Prana Vata is important as it helps to regulate the body’s energy flow, regulate metabolism, and promote overall health and well-being. Furthermore, it is believed to help with the healing process and to maintain the balance between physical and mental health. While there is no known direct correlation between Prana Vata and dopamine, it is possible that Prana Vata could influence dopamine levels in some way.[19] For example, Prana Vata is known to be involved in the regulation of the nervous system, and it is possible that it could affect dopamine levels indirectly by influencing the activity of certain neurotransmitters or hormones.
Dopamine works in the brain by activating receptors located in areas of the brain that control movement, emotion, and attention. It is released from neurons into the synapses, where it binds to receptors on neurons and activates them.[20] The primary role of dopamine is to regulate movement. It is involved in controlling fine motor movements, such as finger movement and eye coordination. It also helps to regulate gross motor movements, such as walking and running. Dopamine is also involved in the reward system and helps to form new memories and strengthen existing ones and regulating attention and focus. It is released when an individual experiences a pleasurable event, such as winning a game or eating something sweet. This reward causes the individual to seek out more of the same reward. It helps to regulate attention and focus. It is thought to play a role in controlling impulsivity and motivation. Dopamine is also involved in regulating mood and behavior. It is thought to be linked to depression and schizophrenia. Low levels of dopamine have been linked to difficulty with concentration, focus, and motivation, while high levels of dopamine have been linked to increased risk taking, addiction, and impulse control problems.[21]
In the brain, dopamine binds to two types of receptors: D1 and D2. D1 receptors are in the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for higher order functions such as planning, decision-making, and working memory. When dopamine binds to these receptors, it increases the activity of neurons in the prefrontal cortex, leading to increased focus, alertness, and motivation.[22]
In the peripheral nervous system, dopamine binds to D2 receptors, which are in the heart and blood vessels. When dopamine binds to D2 receptors, it causes the heart rate to slow down and the blood vessels to relax, leading to a decrease in blood pressure. This can have beneficial effects in people with hypertension or other cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, dopamine can also bind to D2 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to increased gastrointestinal motility, or movement of the intestines.[23]
Influence of dopamine on various hormones
Dopamine is a precursor to the hormone’s norepinephrine and epinephrine, and is produced in the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and other parts of the brain.[24] All three are involved in the regulation of the body’s systems, including mood, memory, concentration, motivation, and reward. Dopamine is believed to work in conjunction with epinephrine and norepinephrine to regulate various physical and emotional responses, such as fear, pleasure, and pleasure-seeking behaviors. All three of these molecules are derived from the same precursor molecule, tyrosine, and are structurally similar. They are commonly referred to as the “catecholamines” due to their common chemical structure.[24]
The relation between dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine is twofold. Firstly, these three molecules are responsible for the regulation of the body’s autonomic nervous system (ANS), which controls the body’s involuntary responses to stress and other stimuli.[25] This system is divided into two branches, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are primarily released by the sympathetic nervous system, whereas dopamine is primarily released by the parasympathetic nervous system.[26]
The second relation between dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine is that they all act on the same receptors in the brain. These receptors are called adrenergic receptors, and they are in the brain’s prefrontal cortex and other areas that are involved in the regulation of reward-motivated behavior and cognition. When these receptors are activated by dopamine, epinephrine, or norepinephrine, they can influence a wide range of behaviors, including motor control, motivation, reward-seeking, and learning.[27]
Serotonin is a hormone that plays a major role in regulating mood, appetite, sleep, and emotions. Dopamine has a direct effect on serotonin production, with higher levels of dopamine resulting in increased levels of serotonin. This can lead to improved mood, increased energy, and improved sleep.[28]
Cortisol is a hormone that is released in response to stress. Its primary role is to help the body respond to stressful situations, but it can also cause increased anxiety, irritability, and fatigue when levels are too high. Studies have shown that dopamine can help to reduce the release of cortisol, leading to a reduction in stress.[29]
Oxytocin is a hormone involved in bonding, trust, and attachment. It is released during social interactions and is necessary for healthy relationships. Dopamine can increase the release of oxytocin, leading to stronger feelings of attachment and closer relationships.[30]
Vyana vata vs action of dopamine on cardiovascular system
Vyana Vata is the energy responsible for the circulation of energy throughout the body and is the force behind movement and circulation. It is associated with the nervous system, sensory organs, and heart. Imbalances in Vyana Vata can result in anxiety, fatigue, poor circulation, and digestive issues.[31]
Dopamine has two main effects on the heart. The first is to increase the heart rate and contractility of the heart muscle. This is beneficial in certain conditions such as congestive heart failure, where increasing the heart rate can improve blood flow and oxygen delivery to the body.[32]
The second effect of dopamine on the heart is to reduce the force of contraction of the heart muscle, which can reduce the risk of stroke and other cardiovascular events. At higher doses, dopamine can be detrimental to the heart. High levels of dopamine can increase the risk of arrhythmias and can lead to a condition known as tachycardia, which is an abnormally rapid heart rate. In addition, dopamine can reduce the ability of the heart to relax between beats, which can lead to increased blood pressure.[18]
Udana vata vs action of dopamine on respiratory system
Udana Vata is one of the five subtypes of Vata, the energy responsible for movement in the body. It is associated with the functions of the throat, head, and chest, and supports the upward movement of energy in the body. It is responsible for the control of speech, breath, and movements of the limbs, and is closely related to the functions of the heart and mind.[33]
Dopamine is the primary neurotransmitter that is involved in the control of breathing and plays a role in the regulation of the autonomic nervous system, which controls the body’s involuntary functions. It acts on the respiratory centers in the brain to regulate breathing rate, depth, and rhythm. It also helps maintain the body’s balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide. At a cellular level, dopamine affects the activity of the respiratory center in the brainstem. It increases the activity of certain neurons, which in turn increases the rate and depth of breathing. Dopamine also increases the sensitivity of the chemoreceptors that detect changes in the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. This allows the body to respond quickly to changes in the levels of these gases and adjust the rate and depth of breathing accordingly.[34]
Samana vata vs action of dopamine on gastro-intestinal system
Samana Vata is a subtype of Vata Dosha that governs metabolism, digestion, and assimilation. It is responsible for the breakdown of food, the absorption of nutrients, and the elimination of waste from the body. Samana Vata is also responsible for the movement of food through the digestive tract and is responsible for the proper functioning of the digestive organs.[35]
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a critical role in many physiological functions, including those of the gastrointestinal (GI) system. It has been linked to gut motility, secretion, and absorption, as well as to the regulation of the immune system in the gut. In the gut, dopamine can be derived from both peripheral and central sources and is released by enteroendocrine cells, neurons, and mast cells. Studies have shown that dopamine plays a role in the regulation of gut motility, which refers to the movement of food through the GI tract. This is done by binding to dopamine receptors, which are in the smooth muscles of the GI tract. Specifically, it is thought that dopamine acts to inhibit the contraction of the muscles, thus slowing down the passage of food. It is also thought to play a role in the regulation of secretion in the gut, as it has been found to induce the release of gastric acid and other secretions. In addition, dopamine has been found to be involved in the regulation of absorption in the gut. This is done by modulating the activity of transporters, which are responsible for the absorption of nutrients from the gut into the bloodstream. A study found that dopamine can also modulate the immune system in the gut, as it has been shown to inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines, which are molecules that are involved in the immune response.[36]
Apana vata vs action of dopamine on excretory and reproductive system
Apana Vata is responsible for all downward movements in the body, including the elimination of waste products from the body in the forms of urine, faces, menstrual blood, and sweat. It is also responsible for controlling the reproductive system and the health of the lower abdomen and pelvic region.[37]
Dopamine acts on the kidneys to regulate salt and water balance, as well as the production of urine. It helps to regulate the bladder, which stores urine until it is ready for excretion. It also helps to regulate blood pressure, because it is involved in the regulation of the renin-angiotensin system, which helps to control the amount of fluid in the body. Dopamine is also involved in the regulation of the storage and release of bile from the gallbladder too.[38]
Dopamine is known to influence the functioning of the hypothalamus, which is the part of the brain that coordinates the reproductive system. This neurotransmitter is also believed to have a direct effect on the reproductive system itself. In males, dopamine has been found to have an important role in sexual arousal and motivation.[39] It appears to be necessary for the full expression of sexual behavior in males, as dopamine antagonists can inhibit sexual behavior. In addition, dopamine has been found to play a role in the regulation of testosterone production and is believed to be essential for normal sperm production and fertility. In females, dopamine also has an important role in sexual arousal, and is believed to be necessary for full sexual behavior and orgasm. It has also been found to play a role in the regulation of estrogen production, which is necessary for normal sexual behavior and fertility.[40] In both males and females, dopamine has been found to influence the motivation to engage in reproduction-related activities, such as finding a mate and initiating sexual activity. It has been suggested that dopamine may act as a reward system, providing a reward for engaging in these activities.[41]
Action of dopamine during pregnancy
During pregnancy, dopamine is released in response to stimuli such as the presence of a fetus, which triggers the release of other hormones that are necessary for the health of the baby. The primary role of dopamine during pregnancy is to regulate the levels of hormones that are necessary for the development of the baby. It helps to control the production of the hormone progesterone, which is essential for the growth of the placenta and the development of the baby’s organs. It also helps to regulate the secretion of the hormone estrogen, which is necessary for the development of the baby’s reproductive organs. In addition to its role in regulating hormones, dopamine also plays a role in controlling the mother’s moods. During pregnancy, the mother’s dopamine levels can become imbalanced, which can lead to feelings of depression and anxiety. Research has shown that a higher level of dopamine during pregnancy can be beneficial for the mother, as it can help to reduce stress and promote a more positive mood.[42] Finally, dopamine is also involved in the formation of new memories. It helps to strengthen existing memories, as well as create new ones. This is important for the mother, as it can help her to remember the details of her pregnancy and the experience of giving birth.
Action of dopamine in cell division during development of fetus
Evidence suggests that neurotransmitters can act as possible chemical signals involved in cell division and morphogenetic movements long before neurons appear in the embryo. However, whether they are playing a role in differentiation is now unknown.[43]
Dopamine plays an important role in cell division by regulating the activity of the cell cycle. This is a complex process that involves multiple steps and is regulated by several hormones and other molecules.[44] When dopamine binds to its receptor, this activates a signal transduction pathway that leads to the activation of several proteins involved in cell division. These proteins are responsible for the progression of the cell cycle, including DNA replication, mitosis, cytokinesis, and cell cycle arrest. By regulating these proteins, dopamine helps to ensure that the cell cycle proceeds in an orderly fashion. In addition, dopamine plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation too.[45]
Similarities between Impaired Status of Vata Dosha and Dopamine
Further, similarities can be found between these two entities even in impaired status too, that is, in state of deficiency [Table 1] and in state of excess [Table 2].
Both Vata Kshaya Lakshana and Dopamine Deficiency have similar symptoms, such as decreased motor activity, difficulty with concentration, apathy, and depression. Additionally, both conditions are also associated with cognitive decline and impaired memory. Furthermore, both conditions can lead to an increased risk of developing neurological conditions, such as Parkinson’s disease. Similarly, Vata Vriddhi Lakshana and high dopamine level have few matching symptoms.
Ayurveda has depicted Dosha in a broader sense and attributed a wide range of functions to them, hence it is difficult to have a pinpoint correlation. However, gaining a deeper understanding of the relationship between Vata Dosha and Dopamine in different contexts has led to the possibility of correlating the two. Further, these are merely the author’s opinions stated here and further research from clinical professionals is necessary to confirm the correlation.
Financial Support and Sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of Interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
[53]
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[Figure 1]
[Table 1], [Table 2]
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